Usage Notes¶
Some additional information to bear in mind when using fastparquet, in no particular order. Much of what follows has implications for writing parquet files that are compatible with other parquet implementations, versus performance when writing data for reading back with fastparquet. Please also read the Release Notes for newer or experimental features.
Whilst we aim to make the package simple to use, some choices on the part of the user may effect performance and data consistency.
Categoricals¶
When writing a data-frame with a column of pandas type Category
, the
data will be encoded using Parquet “dictionary encoding”. This stores all
the possible values of the column (typically strings) separately, and the
index corresponding to each value as a data set of integers. If there
is a significant performance gain to be made, such as long labels, but low
cardinality, users are suggested to turn their object columns into the
category type:
df[col] = df[col].astype('category')
Fastparquet will automatically use metadata information to load such columns as categorical if the data was written by fastparquet/pyarrow.
To efficiently load a column as a categorical type for data from other
parquet frameworks, include it in the optional
keyword parameter categories
; however it must be encoded as dictionary
throughout the dataset, with the same labels in every part.
pf = ParquetFile('input.parq')
df = pf.to_pandas(categories={'cat': 12})
Where we provide a hint that the column cat
has up to 12 possible values.
categories
can also take a list, in which case up to 32767 (2**15 - 1)
labels are assumed.
For data not written by fastparquet/pyarrow, columns that are encoded as dictionary
but not included in categories
will
be de-referenced on load, which is potentially expensive.
Byte Arrays¶
Fixed-length byte arrays provide a modest speed boost for binary data (bytestrings)
whose lengths really are all the same or nearly so. To automatically
convert string values to fixed-length when writing, use the fixed_text
optional keyword, with a predetermined length.
write('out.parq', df, fixed_text={'char_code': 1})
This is not recommended for strings, since UTF8 encoding/decoding must be done anyway, and converting to fixed will probably just waste time.
Nulls¶
In pandas, there is no internal representation difference between NULL (no value) and NaN/NaT (not a valid number) for float and time columns. Other parquet frameworks (e.g., in in Spark) might likely treat NULL and NaN differently. In the typical case of tabular data (as opposed to strict numerics), users often mean the NULL semantics, and so should write NULLs information. Furthermore, it is typical for some parquet frameworks to define all columns as optional, whether or not they are intended to hold any missing data, to allow for possible mutation of the schema when appending partitions later.
Since there is some cost associated with reading and writing NULLs information,
fastparquet provides the has_nulls
keyword when writing to specify how to
handle NULLs. In the case that a column has no NULLs, including NULLs information
will not produce a great performance hit on reading, and only a slight extra time
upon writing, while determining that there are zero NULL values.
The following cases are allowed for has_nulls
:
True: all columns become optional, and NaNs are always stored as NULL. This is the best option for compatibility. This is the default.
False: all columns become required, and any NaNs are stored as NaN; if there are any fields which cannot store such sentinel values (e.g,. string), but do contain None, there will be an error.
‘infer’: only object columns will become optional, since float, time, and category columns can store sentinel values, and ordinary pandas int columns cannot contain any NaNs. This is the best-performing option if the data will only be read by fastparquet. Pandas nullable columns will be stored as optional, whether or not they contain nulls.
list of strings: the named columns will be optional, others required (no NULLs)
Data Types¶
There is fairly good correspondence between pandas data-types and Parquet simple and logical data types. The types documentation gives details of the implementation spec.
A couple of caveats should be noted:
fastparquet will not write any Decimal columns, only float, and when reading such columns, the output will also be float, with potential machine-precision errors;
only UTF8 encoding for text is automatically handled, although arbitrary byte strings can be written as raw bytes type;
all times are stored as UTC, but the timezone is stored in the metadata, so will be recreated if loaded into pandas
Reading Nested Schema¶
Fastparquet can read nested schemas. The principal mechamism is flattening, whereby parquet schema struct columns become top-level columns. For instance, if a schema looks like
root
| - visitor: OPTIONAL
| - ip: BYTE_ARRAY, UTF8, OPTIONAL
- network_id: BYTE_ARRAY, UTF8, OPTIONAL
then the ParquetFile
will include entries “visitor.ip” and “visitor.network_id” in its
columns
, and these will become ordinary Pandas columns. We do not generate a hierarchical
column index.
Fastparquet also handles some parquet LIST and MAP types. For instance, the schema may include
| - tags: LIST, OPTIONAL
- list: REPEATED
- element: BYTE_ARRAY, UTF8, OPTIONAL
In this case, columns
would include an entry “tags”, which evaluates to an object column
containing lists of strings. Reading such columns will be relatively slow.
If the ‘element’ type is anything other than a primitive type,
i.e., a struct, map or list, than fastparquet will not be able to read it, and the resulting
column will either not be contained in the output, or contain only None
values.
Object encoding¶
Object columns are Json encoded and decoded if the data type is json
,
as specified by the object_encoding
parameter in fastparquet.write
.
If any of the libraries orjson
, ujson
, python-rapidjson
is installed,
then it’s used in place of the json
module in the Python Standard Library.
Using one of these libraries may improve both the reading and writing performance.
You can also enforce the use of a specific library by setting the environment variable
FASTPARQUET_JSON_CODEC
to one of the supported modules:
orjson
ujson
rapidjson
json
Partitions and row-groups¶
The Parquet format allows for partitioning the data by the values of some (low-cardinality) columns and by row sequence number. Both of these can be in operation at the same time, and, in situations where only certain sections of the data need to be loaded, can produce great performance benefits in combination with load filters.
Splitting on both row-groups and partitions can potentially result in many data-files and large metadata. It should be used sparingly, when partial selecting of the data is anticipated.
Row groups
The keyword parameter row_group_offsets
allows control of the row
sequence-wise splits in the data. For example, with the default value,
each row group will contain 50 million rows. The exact index of the start
of each row-group can also be specified, which may be appropriate in the
presence of a monotonic index: such as a time index might lead to the desire
to have all the row-group boundaries coincide with year boundaries in the
data.
Partitions
In the presence of some low-cardinality columns, it may be advantageous to split data data on the values of those columns. This is done by writing a directory structure with key=value names. Multiple partition columns can be chosen, leading to a multi-level directory tree.
Consider the following directory tree from this Spark example:
- table/
- gender=male/
- country=US/
data.parquet
- country=CN/
data.parquet
- gender=female/
- country=US/
data.parquet
- country=CN/
data.parquet
Here the two partitioned fields are gender and country, each of which have two possible values, resulting in four datafiles. The corresponding columns are not stored in the data-files, but inferred on load, so space is saved, and if selecting based on these values, potentially some of the data need not be loaded at all.
If there were two row groups and the same partitions as above, each leaf directory would contain (up to) two files, for a total of eight. If a row-group happens to contain no data for one of the field value combinations, that data file is omitted.
Iteration¶
For data-sets too big to fit conveniently into memory, it is possible to iterate through the row-groups in a similar way to reading by chunks from CSV with pandas.
pf = ParquetFile('myfile.parq')
for df in pf.iter_row_groups():
print(df.shape)
# process sub-data-frame df
Thus only one row-group is in memory at a time. The same set of options
are available as in to_pandas
allowing, for instance, reading only
specific columns, loading to
categoricals or to ignore some row-groups using filtering.
To get the first row-group only, one would go:
first = next(iter(pf.iter_row_groups()))
You can also grab the first N rows of the first row-group with fastparquet.ParquetFile.head()
,
or select from among a data-set’s row-groups using slice notation pf_subset = pf[2:8]
.
Dask/Pandas¶
Dask and Pandas fully support calling fastparquet
directly, with the function
read_parquet
and method to_parquet
, specifying engine="fastparquet"
.
Please see their relevant docstrings. Remote filesystems are supported by using
a URL with a “protocol://” specifier and any storage_options
to be passed to
the file system implementation.