Usage Notes =========== Some additional information to bear in mind when using fastparquet, in no particular order. Much of what follows has implications for writing parquet files that are compatible with other parquet implementations, versus performance when writing data for reading back with fastparquet. Please also read the :doc:`releasenotes` for newer or experimental features. Whilst we aim to make the package simple to use, some choices on the part of the user may effect performance and data consistency. Categoricals ------------ When writing a data-frame with a column of pandas type ``Category``, the data will be encoded using Parquet "dictionary encoding". This stores all the possible values of the column (typically strings) separately, and the index corresponding to each value as a data set of integers. If there is a significant performance gain to be made, such as long labels, but low cardinality, users are suggested to turn their object columns into the category type: .. code-block:: python df[col] = df[col].astype('category') Fastparquet will automatically use metadata information to load such columns as categorical *if* the data was written by fastparquet/pyarrow. To efficiently load a column as a categorical type for data from other parquet frameworks, include it in the optional keyword parameter ``categories``; however it must be encoded as dictionary throughout the dataset, *with the same labels in every part*. .. code-block:: python pf = ParquetFile('input.parq') df = pf.to_pandas(categories={'cat': 12}) Where we provide a hint that the column ``cat`` has up to 12 possible values. ``categories`` can also take a list, in which case up to 32767 (2**15 - 1) labels are assumed. For data not written by fastparquet/pyarrow, columns that are encoded as dictionary but not included in ``categories`` will be de-referenced on load, which is potentially expensive. Byte Arrays ----------- Fixed-length byte arrays provide a modest speed boost for binary data (bytestrings) whose lengths really are all the same or nearly so. To automatically convert string values to fixed-length when writing, use the ``fixed_text`` optional keyword, with a predetermined length. .. code-block:: python write('out.parq', df, fixed_text={'char_code': 1}) This is not recommended for strings, since UTF8 encoding/decoding must be done anyway, and converting to fixed will probably just waste time. Nulls ----- In pandas, there is no internal representation difference between NULL (no value) and NaN/NaT (not a valid number) for float and time columns. Other parquet frameworks (e.g., in `in Spark`_) might likely treat NULL and NaN differently. In the typical case of tabular data (as opposed to strict numerics), users often mean the NULL semantics, and so should write NULLs information. Furthermore, it is typical for some parquet frameworks to define all columns as optional, whether or not they are intended to hold any missing data, to allow for possible mutation of the schema when appending partitions later. .. _in Spark: https://spark.apache.org/docs/2.1.0/sql-programming-guide.html#nan-semantics Since there is some cost associated with reading and writing NULLs information, fastparquet provides the ``has_nulls`` keyword when writing to specify how to handle NULLs. In the case that a column has no NULLs, including NULLs information will not produce a great performance hit on reading, and only a slight extra time upon writing, while determining that there are zero NULL values. The following cases are allowed for ``has_nulls``: #. True: all columns become optional, and NaNs are always stored as NULL. This is the best option for compatibility. This is the default. #. False: all columns become required, and any NaNs are stored as NaN; if there are any fields which cannot store such sentinel values (e.g,. string), but do contain None, there will be an error. #. 'infer': only object columns will become optional, since float, time, and category columns can store sentinel values, and ordinary pandas int columns cannot contain any NaNs. This is the best-performing option if the data will only be read by fastparquet. Pandas nullable columns will be stored as optional, whether or not they contain nulls. #. list of strings: the named columns will be optional, others required (no NULLs) Data Types ---------- There is fairly good correspondence between pandas data-types and Parquet simple and logical data types. The `types documentation `_ gives details of the implementation spec. A couple of caveats should be noted: #. fastparquet will not write any Decimal columns, only float, and when reading such columns, the output will also be float, with potential machine-precision errors; #. only UTF8 encoding for text is automatically handled, although arbitrary byte strings can be written as raw bytes type; #. all times are stored as UTC, but the timezone is stored in the metadata, so will be recreated if loaded into pandas Reading Nested Schema --------------------- Fastparquet can read nested schemas. The principal mechamism is *flattening*, whereby parquet schema struct columns become top-level columns. For instance, if a schema looks like .. code-block:: python root | - visitor: OPTIONAL | - ip: BYTE_ARRAY, UTF8, OPTIONAL - network_id: BYTE_ARRAY, UTF8, OPTIONAL then the ``ParquetFile`` will include entries "visitor.ip" and "visitor.network_id" in its ``columns``, and these will become ordinary Pandas columns. We do not generate a hierarchical column index. Fastparquet also handles some parquet LIST and MAP types. For instance, the schema may include .. code-block:: python | - tags: LIST, OPTIONAL - list: REPEATED - element: BYTE_ARRAY, UTF8, OPTIONAL In this case, ``columns`` would include an entry "tags", which evaluates to an object column containing lists of strings. Reading such columns will be relatively slow. If the 'element' type is anything other than a primitive type, i.e., a struct, map or list, than fastparquet will not be able to read it, and the resulting column will either not be contained in the output, or contain only ``None`` values. Object encoding --------------- Object columns are Json encoded and decoded if the data type is ``json``, as specified by the ``object_encoding`` parameter in ``fastparquet.write``. If any of the libraries ``orjson``, ``ujson``, ``python-rapidjson`` is installed, then it's used in place of the ``json`` module in the Python Standard Library. Using one of these libraries may improve both the reading and writing performance. You can also enforce the use of a specific library by setting the environment variable ``FASTPARQUET_JSON_CODEC`` to one of the supported modules: * ``orjson`` * ``ujson`` * ``rapidjson`` * ``json`` Partitions and row-groups ------------------------- The Parquet format allows for partitioning the data by the values of some (low-cardinality) columns and by row sequence number. Both of these can be in operation at the same time, and, in situations where only certain sections of the data need to be loaded, can produce great performance benefits in combination with load filters. Splitting on both row-groups and partitions can potentially result in many data-files and large metadata. It should be used sparingly, when partial selecting of the data is anticipated. **Row groups** The keyword parameter ``row_group_offsets`` allows control of the row sequence-wise splits in the data. For example, with the default value, each row group will contain 50 million rows. The exact index of the start of each row-group can also be specified, which may be appropriate in the presence of a monotonic index: such as a time index might lead to the desire to have all the row-group boundaries coincide with year boundaries in the data. **Partitions** In the presence of some low-cardinality columns, it may be advantageous to split data data on the values of those columns. This is done by writing a directory structure with *key=value* names. Multiple partition columns can be chosen, leading to a multi-level directory tree. Consider the following directory tree from this `Spark example `_: table/ gender=male/ country=US/ data.parquet country=CN/ data.parquet gender=female/ country=US/ data.parquet country=CN/ data.parquet Here the two partitioned fields are *gender* and *country*, each of which have two possible values, resulting in four datafiles. The corresponding columns are not stored in the data-files, but inferred on load, so space is saved, and if selecting based on these values, potentially some of the data need not be loaded at all. If there were two row groups and the same partitions as above, each leaf directory would contain (up to) two files, for a total of eight. If a row-group happens to contain no data for one of the field value combinations, that data file is omitted. Iteration --------- For data-sets too big to fit conveniently into memory, it is possible to iterate through the row-groups in a similar way to reading by chunks from CSV with pandas. .. code-block:: python pf = ParquetFile('myfile.parq') for df in pf.iter_row_groups(): print(df.shape) # process sub-data-frame df Thus only one row-group is in memory at a time. The same set of options are available as in ``to_pandas`` allowing, for instance, reading only specific columns, loading to categoricals or to ignore some row-groups using filtering. To get the first row-group only, one would go: .. code-block:: python first = next(iter(pf.iter_row_groups())) You can also grab the first N rows of the first row-group with :func:`fastparquet.ParquetFile.head`, or select from among a data-set's row-groups using slice notation ``pf_subset = pf[2:8]``. Dask/Pandas ----------- Dask and Pandas fully support calling ``fastparquet`` directly, with the function ``read_parquet`` and method ``to_parquet``, specifying ``engine="fastparquet"``. Please see their relevant docstrings. Remote filesystems are supported by using a URL with a "protocol://" specifier and any ``storage_options`` to be passed to the file system implementation. .. raw:: html